Narratives:
· Constructive format that describes sequence of non-fictional or fictional events
· Latin verb ‘narrare’ means ‘to tell’/ adjective ‘gnarus’ means ‘knowing or skilled’
· A book or literary work
Elements of Narrative:
Ø Plot: sequence of events
o Exposition
o Rising Action
o Climax(Turning point)
o Falling Action
o Resolution(denouement)
Ø Setting: time & place
Ø Characterization: method used to present the personality of a character
o Direct: What the is the narrator’s description, what he says(Implied)
o Indirect: How the characters behave, de’ets on the characters habitat (Analyzed)
Ø Atmosphere: mood or feeling being established
Ø Point of View: who is narrating the story(1st or 3rd person {Omniscient})
Ø Conflict: central problem the drives the action of story
o Internal: Characters mind
o External Between characters
Types of Characters:
Ø Flat: one maybe personality; doesn’t change
Ø Round: well-developed w/ contradictory trait
Ø Dynamic: active; developing character
Ø Foil: enhances another character through contrast
Ø Static: same throughout the story
Ø Confidante: main character confides to; sidekick
Ø Stock: special kind of flat character
Tag Questions:
Ø + statement; - tag
Ø - Statement; +tag
S-V Agreement
Ø ‘Either’ and ‘Neighter’ always takes the noun nearest to it.
Ø Money and time uses singular verbs.
Ø Two or more subjects connected by ‘and’ uses a plural verb.
Ø Indefinite Pronoun (someone…) takes plural verbs.
Ø Singular noun = singular verb (-s form)
Ø Plural noun = Plural verb
Ø Compound subject connected by ‘and’ both referring to the same person or thing take a singular verb.
Ø Compound subject joined by with, together with, as well as, as. Agrees with the first subject.
Ø Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning take a singular verb.
Ø ‘A number’ plural verb; ‘The number’ singular verb
Perfect Tenses:
Ø Present Perfect Tenses
o Deeds in past ‘till present
o 1 verb
o Existed in the past; but no definite time
o ‘Recently’, ’ just’, ’lately’
§ Has + P.P./Have + P.P.
§ Has + been + P.P./Have + been + P.P
§ Have-plural; Has-singular
Ø Past Perfect Tenses
o Action completed before another action in the past.
o Occurred or existed before a point of time in the past.
o 2 verbs(one is the simple past tense)
§ Had + P.P.
Ø Future Perfect Tenses
o Will be completed or perfected before some specific time in the future.
§ Shall/Will have + P.P.
§ Shall/Will have + been + P.P.
From Le Morte d’ Arthur Sir Thomas Malory
· King Arthur, Sir Mordred, Sir Bedivere, Queen Guinevere, Sir Lancelot
1. King Arthur; military expedition
2. Mordred; learned Lancelot slain Arthur
3. Mordred; crowned as king in Canterbury
4. Mordred; asked Guinever to Wed
5. Mordred; at Dover, King Arthur; came w/ navy ships, galleys, and large vessels
6. Mordred & Arthur; fought ea. Other
7. Bedivere; ‘throw Excalibur into the water’
8. Bedivere; hid the sword
9. Arthur; ‘TRAITOR!’
10. Bedivere; still hid the sword
11. Arthur; ‘TRAITOR2’
12. Bedivere; Threw the sword into the water
13. Water; out came a hand catches the Excalibur
14. Arthur; Comforted the three Queens and ladies as he was about to die.
The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe
· Fortunato, Montressor
· Fortunato: Jester
· Montressor: Mason; skillfull in itallian vintages
· Fortunato: caused thousand of injuries, insults to Montressor
· Montressor wants revenge
· Fortunato: quack in painting and gemmary; great in wines
· Fortunato: Montressor saw him in a carnival
· Fortunato: wears motley; tight-fitting parti-stripped dress and conical cap with bells
· Montressor: have a bottle of rare brandy Amontillado
· Catacombs: of the Montressors; dark and damp
· Montressor: made Fortunato drunk with the Medoc
· Fortunato: said he would not die because of the cough
· “Nemo me impune lacessit”=”No one harms with impunity”
· Motressor: chained Fortunato in an empty cask and covered it with bricks; for Fortunato to die
· “In Pace Requiescat”=”Rest in Peace”; last words of Motressor for Fortunato
· First person point of View
· Luchesi: friend of Montressor
· Roquelaire: balck silk cloak w/c Montressor wears
· Montressor: has told his servants to leave the house and celebrate in the carnival
· Flambeaux: torch
New Dress Virginia Woolf
· Mabel Waring, Mrs. Barnet, Clarisa Dalloway
· Yellow silk dress with an outdated pattern
· Old Paris Fashion Book of the time of the empire
· Fly in a saucer
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